AustralieFrV1, Main, Exploration, bibRecord, 006B41

Electrochemical treatments using tin oxide anode to prevent biofouling

Identifieur interne : 006B41 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 006B40; suivant : 006B42

Electrochemical treatments using tin oxide anode to prevent biofouling

Auteurs : C. Debiemme-Chouvy [France] ; Y. Hua [France] ; F. Hui [France] ; J.-L. Duval [France] ; H. Cachet [France]

Source :

Electrochimica acta [ 0013-4686 ] ; 2011.

RBID : Pascal:12-0323390

Descripteurs français

Pascal (Inist)
- Traitement électrochimique, Etain IV Oxyde, Bioencrassement, Biocide, Eau mer, Oxydation, Prévention, Matériau dopé, Antimoine, Fluor, Microscopie fluorescence, Microscopie électronique balayage, Spectrométrie photoélectron, Escherichia coli, Halogénoamine, Structure surface, Morphologie, Réaction électrochimique, Rayon X.
Wicri :
- topic : Antimoine, Fluor.

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Antimony, Biocide, Biofouling, Doped materials, Electrochemical reaction, Electrochemical treatment, Escherichia coli, Fluorescence microscopy, Fluorine, Haloamine, Morphology, Oxidation, Photoelectron spectrometry, Prevention, Scanning electron microscopy, Seawater, Surface structure, Tin IV Oxides, X ray.

Abstract

Organic matter and living micro-organisms are responsible for surface modifications of any materials immersed in seawater. This phenomenon, called biofouling, has many detrimental effects and has to be prevented. Electrochemistry could be a very efficient tool for biofouling prevention in two ways, either by local biocide production through seawater electrolysis or by immobilizing electrogenerated biocides. In this paper, both strategies will be developed and illustrated in the particular case of tin dioxide as anode material. Chloride and bromide ions present in seawater are efficiently oxidized at antimony doped tin dioxide to form biocidal hypohalogenous acids, namely HOCl and HOBr. Underwater optical instruments having glass window coated with a transparent tin dioxide layer can be effectively protected against biofouling without environmental damages because hypohalogenous acids are produced at a low level and on the window itself. Another possibility explored in this paper is to perform a pre-treatment of the surface to be protected. It consists in seawater electrolysis in the presence of organic macromolecules, as for instance bovine serum albumin. In these conditions, chlorinated and brominated organic deposit is formed on the tin oxide surface as proved by EDX and XPS analyses. By testing adhesion and growth of Escherichia coli bacteria, it was shown that this deposit possesses biocidal property. Actually, this property is due to the presence of chloramine and bromamine groups.

Affiliations:

Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)

to stream PascalFrancis, to step Corpus: 001193
to stream PascalFrancis, to step Curation: 004D24
to stream PascalFrancis, to step Checkpoint: 001B38
to stream Main, to step Merge: 006F89
to stream Main, to step Curation: 006B41

Le document en format XML

<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Electrochemical treatments using tin oxide anode to prevent biofouling</title>
<author><name sortKey="Debiemme Chouvy, C" sort="Debiemme Chouvy, C" uniqKey="Debiemme Chouvy C" first="C." last="Debiemme-Chouvy">C. Debiemme-Chouvy</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>CNRS, UPR 15 du CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces etSystemes Electrochimiques 4, Place Jussieu</s1>
<s2>75252 Paris</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<wicri:noRegion>75252 Paris</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Université Pierre et Marie Curie, LISE, 4, Place Jussieu</s1>
<s2>75252 Paris</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<wicri:noRegion>75252 Paris</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hua, Y" sort="Hua, Y" uniqKey="Hua Y" first="Y." last="Hua">Y. Hua</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>CNRS, UPR 15 du CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces etSystemes Electrochimiques 4, Place Jussieu</s1>
<s2>75252 Paris</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<wicri:noRegion>75252 Paris</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Université Pierre et Marie Curie, LISE, 4, Place Jussieu</s1>
<s2>75252 Paris</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<wicri:noRegion>75252 Paris</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hui, F" sort="Hui, F" uniqKey="Hui F" first="F." last="Hui">F. Hui</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>CNRS, UPR 15 du CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces etSystemes Electrochimiques 4, Place Jussieu</s1>
<s2>75252 Paris</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<wicri:noRegion>75252 Paris</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Université Pierre et Marie Curie, LISE, 4, Place Jussieu</s1>
<s2>75252 Paris</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<wicri:noRegion>75252 Paris</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Duval, J L" sort="Duval, J L" uniqKey="Duval J" first="J.-L." last="Duval">J.-L. Duval</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Universite de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 6600, Biomécanique et Genie Biomedical, Domaine Biomatériaux-Biocompatibilité</s1>
<s2>60205 Compiegne</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<wicri:noRegion>60205 Compiegne</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Domaine Biomatériaux-Biocompatibilité</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>60205 Compiegne</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cachet, H" sort="Cachet, H" uniqKey="Cachet H" first="H." last="Cachet">H. Cachet</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>CNRS, UPR 15 du CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces etSystemes Electrochimiques 4, Place Jussieu</s1>
<s2>75252 Paris</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<wicri:noRegion>75252 Paris</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Université Pierre et Marie Curie, LISE, 4, Place Jussieu</s1>
<s2>75252 Paris</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<wicri:noRegion>75252 Paris</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno>
<idno type="inist">12-0323390</idno>
<date when="2011">2011</date>
<idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 12-0323390 INIST</idno>
<idno type="RBID">Pascal:12-0323390</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">001193</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Curation">004D24</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Checkpoint">001B38</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PascalFrancis" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001B38</idno>
<idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0013-4686:2011:Debiemme Chouvy C:electrochemical:treatments:using</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">006F89</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">006B41</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">006B41</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Electrochemical treatments using tin oxide anode to prevent biofouling</title>
<author><name sortKey="Debiemme Chouvy, C" sort="Debiemme Chouvy, C" uniqKey="Debiemme Chouvy C" first="C." last="Debiemme-Chouvy">C. Debiemme-Chouvy</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>CNRS, UPR 15 du CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces etSystemes Electrochimiques 4, Place Jussieu</s1>
<s2>75252 Paris</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Université Pierre et Marie Curie, LISE, 4, Place Jussieu</s1>
<s2>75252 Paris</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hua, Y" sort="Hua, Y" uniqKey="Hua Y" first="Y." last="Hua">Y. Hua</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>CNRS, UPR 15 du CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces etSystemes Electrochimiques 4, Place Jussieu</s1>
<s2>75252 Paris</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<wicri:noRegion>75252 Paris</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Université Pierre et Marie Curie, LISE, 4, Place Jussieu</s1>
<s2>75252 Paris</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<wicri:noRegion>75252 Paris</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hui, F" sort="Hui, F" uniqKey="Hui F" first="F." last="Hui">F. Hui</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>CNRS, UPR 15 du CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces etSystemes Electrochimiques 4, Place Jussieu</s1>
<s2>75252 Paris</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<wicri:noRegion>75252 Paris</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Université Pierre et Marie Curie, LISE, 4, Place Jussieu</s1>
<s2>75252 Paris</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<wicri:noRegion>75252 Paris</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Duval, J L" sort="Duval, J L" uniqKey="Duval J" first="J.-L." last="Duval">J.-L. Duval</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Universite de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 6600, Biomécanique et Genie Biomedical, Domaine Biomatériaux-Biocompatibilité</s1>
<s2>60205 Compiegne</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<wicri:noRegion>60205 Compiegne</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Domaine Biomatériaux-Biocompatibilité</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>60205 Compiegne</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cachet, H" sort="Cachet, H" uniqKey="Cachet H" first="H." last="Cachet">H. Cachet</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>CNRS, UPR 15 du CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces etSystemes Electrochimiques 4, Place Jussieu</s1>
<s2>75252 Paris</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<wicri:noRegion>75252 Paris</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Université Pierre et Marie Curie, LISE, 4, Place Jussieu</s1>
<s2>75252 Paris</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<wicri:noRegion>75252 Paris</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j" type="main">Electrochimica acta</title>
<title level="j" type="abbreviated">Electrochim. acta</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0013-4686</idno>
<imprint><date when="2011">2011</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
<seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Electrochimica acta</title>
<title level="j" type="abbreviated">Electrochim. acta</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0013-4686</idno>
</seriesStmt>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Antimony</term>
<term>Biocide</term>
<term>Biofouling</term>
<term>Doped materials</term>
<term>Electrochemical reaction</term>
<term>Electrochemical treatment</term>
<term>Escherichia coli</term>
<term>Fluorescence microscopy</term>
<term>Fluorine</term>
<term>Haloamine</term>
<term>Morphology</term>
<term>Oxidation</term>
<term>Photoelectron spectrometry</term>
<term>Prevention</term>
<term>Scanning electron microscopy</term>
<term>Seawater</term>
<term>Surface structure</term>
<term>Tin IV Oxides</term>
<term>X ray</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Traitement électrochimique</term>
<term>Etain IV Oxyde</term>
<term>Bioencrassement</term>
<term>Biocide</term>
<term>Eau mer</term>
<term>Oxydation</term>
<term>Prévention</term>
<term>Matériau dopé</term>
<term>Antimoine</term>
<term>Fluor</term>
<term>Microscopie fluorescence</term>
<term>Microscopie électronique balayage</term>
<term>Spectrométrie photoélectron</term>
<term>Escherichia coli</term>
<term>Halogénoamine</term>
<term>Structure surface</term>
<term>Morphologie</term>
<term>Réaction électrochimique</term>
<term>Rayon X</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antimoine</term>
<term>Fluor</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Organic matter and living micro-organisms are responsible for surface modifications of any materials immersed in seawater. This phenomenon, called biofouling, has many detrimental effects and has to be prevented. Electrochemistry could be a very efficient tool for biofouling prevention in two ways, either by local biocide production through seawater electrolysis or by immobilizing electrogenerated biocides. In this paper, both strategies will be developed and illustrated in the particular case of tin dioxide as anode material. Chloride and bromide ions present in seawater are efficiently oxidized at antimony doped tin dioxide to form biocidal hypohalogenous acids, namely HOCl and HOBr. Underwater optical instruments having glass window coated with a transparent tin dioxide layer can be effectively protected against biofouling without environmental damages because hypohalogenous acids are produced at a low level and on the window itself. Another possibility explored in this paper is to perform a pre-treatment of the surface to be protected. It consists in seawater electrolysis in the presence of organic macromolecules, as for instance bovine serum albumin. In these conditions, chlorinated and brominated organic deposit is formed on the tin oxide surface as proved by EDX and XPS analyses. By testing adhesion and growth of Escherichia coli bacteria, it was shown that this deposit possesses biocidal property. Actually, this property is due to the presence of chloramine and bromamine groups.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<affiliations><list><country><li>France</li>
</country>
<region><li>Île-de-France</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Paris</li>
</settlement>
<orgName><li>Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree><country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Debiemme Chouvy, C" sort="Debiemme Chouvy, C" uniqKey="Debiemme Chouvy C" first="C." last="Debiemme-Chouvy">C. Debiemme-Chouvy</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Cachet, H" sort="Cachet, H" uniqKey="Cachet H" first="H." last="Cachet">H. Cachet</name>
<name sortKey="Cachet, H" sort="Cachet, H" uniqKey="Cachet H" first="H." last="Cachet">H. Cachet</name>
<name sortKey="Debiemme Chouvy, C" sort="Debiemme Chouvy, C" uniqKey="Debiemme Chouvy C" first="C." last="Debiemme-Chouvy">C. Debiemme-Chouvy</name>
<name sortKey="Duval, J L" sort="Duval, J L" uniqKey="Duval J" first="J.-L." last="Duval">J.-L. Duval</name>
<name sortKey="Hua, Y" sort="Hua, Y" uniqKey="Hua Y" first="Y." last="Hua">Y. Hua</name>
<name sortKey="Hua, Y" sort="Hua, Y" uniqKey="Hua Y" first="Y." last="Hua">Y. Hua</name>
<name sortKey="Hui, F" sort="Hui, F" uniqKey="Hui F" first="F." last="Hui">F. Hui</name>
<name sortKey="Hui, F" sort="Hui, F" uniqKey="Hui F" first="F." last="Hui">F. Hui</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Asie/explor/AustralieFrV1/Data/Main/Exploration

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 006B41 | SxmlIndent | more

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd -nk 006B41 | SxmlIndent | more

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

{{Explor lien
   |wiki=    Wicri/Asie
   |area=    AustralieFrV1
   |flux=    Main
   |étape=   Exploration
   |type=    RBID
   |clé=     Pascal:12-0323390
   |texte=   Electrochemical treatments using tin oxide anode to prevent biofouling
}}

This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33.
Data generation: Tue Dec 5 10:43:12 2017. Site generation: Tue Mar 5 14:07:20 2024

	Serveur d'exploration sur les relations entre la France et l'Australie
	Attention, ce site est en cours de développement ! Attention, site généré par des moyens informatiques à partir de corpus bruts. Les informations ne sont donc pas validées.

Serveur d'exploration sur les relations entre la France et l'Australie

Electrochemical treatments using tin oxide anode to prevent biofouling

Electrochemical treatments using tin oxide anode to prevent biofouling

Source :

Descripteurs français

English descriptors

Abstract

Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)

Le document en format XML

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri